This article criticizes Andrew Moravcsik´s model of two-level states-EU interaction on three counts: it neglects EU actors, assumes the primacy of state actors, and further assumes that interests are formed prior to policy ...

It is often assumed in the economic literature that the Kyoto Protocol will be implemented through a cost-efficient, comprehensive emissions trading system. However, the general experience from implementation of environmental ...

The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has been reviewed and evaluated, and this paper surveys the positions of electricity producers and consumers on the review of the EU ETS. More specifically, the paper ...

There are considerable differences between developed countries as to how difficult it will be to meet their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. ‘High-cost abatement countries’ are particularly interesting as they can be ...

This article analyzes to what extent EU environmental policy has had an impact in East-Central Europe. It does so by first, looking at the role of the EU as an actor in environmental policy – to what extent is a unified ...

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate potential problems with the flexibility mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol connected to the establishment of an enforcement system. The Kyoto mechanisms are emission trading, Joint ...

There is a concern in many countries that a domestic tradable quota system for greenhouse gases, where all emitters must pay for their quotas, may lead to closures of emissions-intensive industrial companies. Allocating ...