Country studies are important instruments for determining national climate policies and adding to the global knowledge on climate issues. They are, however, also the basis for examining the obligations of the Parties under ...

Long-term global scenarios have underpinned research and assessment of global environmental change for four decades. Over the past ten years, the climate change research community has developed a scenario framework combining ...

The Kyoto Protocol has an ambitious reporting and review system to assess nations’ compliance with their emission commitments. This system requires considerable resources to assure that the Parties report accurate emission ...

The IPCC's scientific assessment of the timing of net-zero emissions and 2030 emission reduction targets consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C rests on large scenario databases. Updates to this assessment, such ...

Concluding remarks: On the nature of the climate problem The problem of climate change is not, despite popular conception, mainly a problem of increased global average temperature. The seriousness of the problem is more ...

This report gives an overview of five possible regulation schemes for carbon dioxide emissions from international shipping. The strengths and weaknesses of the schemes are compared with regard to nine criteria. The two ...

As a result of chemical processes in the atmosphere, emissions of NOx can both damp and enhance the greenhouse effect. The two most important effects of NOx in this context are increased concentrations of tropospheric ozone ...

A large volcanic eruption might constitute a climate emergency, significantly altering global temperature and precipitation for several years. Major future eruptions will occur, but their size or timing cannot be predicted. ...

Global Warming Potentials for emissions of CH4, CO and NOx that take into account indirect chemical effects have been estimated for five time horizons. The indirect effects of methane emissions that have been considered ...